The Senate on Friday was hurtling toward a political showdown over President Trump’s domestic agenda, with Democrats planning to force dozens of votes during an overnight session to protest Republicans’ push to deliver “one big beautiful bill” of spending and tax cuts.
The G.O.P. needs to pass its budget blueprint to unlock a process called reconciliation, which allows lawmakers to fast-track budget legislation through Congress and shield it from a filibuster. Disagreements between Republicans in the House and the Senate about what should be in that bill had paralyzed them for weeks, but they have forged a fragile and complex compromise allowing them to move forward.
“This resolution is the first step toward a final bill to make permanent the tax relief we implemented in 2017 and deliver a transformational investment in our border, national and energy security,” said Senator John Thune of South Dakota, the majority leader.
But in the Senate, members can offer an array of amendments to budget measures in a ritual known as a “vote-a-rama,” a marathon of rapid-fire votes that often stretches on throughout the night. The proposals will never become law, but the process allows the minority party to force a series of politically fraught votes that can be used against lawmakers in campaign advertisements later.
Democrats plan to propose amendments forcing Republicans to weigh in on Mr. Trump’s escalating global trade war, Elon Musk’s cost-cutting Department of Government Efficiency, the G.O.P.’s proposed cuts to Medicaid and the recent use of Signal by national security officials in the Trump administration.
“All day long, Democrats are going to come to the floor to expose the sheer destruction of the Republican agenda,” Senator Chuck Schumer of New York, the minority leader, said at a news conference at the Capitol on Friday.
The budget resolution itself leaves big questions unresolved.
House Republicans in February passed a measure that would have paved the way for one huge bill that contained $4.5 trillion in tax cuts and a $2 trillion reduction in federal spending over a decade. Senate Republicans passed their own plan that punted on the issue of taxes and spending cuts, and called for a $150 billion increase in military spending and $175 billion more for border security over the next decade.
Rather than reconcile those issues now, Republicans essentially agreed to postpone decisions on major issues, like how much they should lower spending to offset the cost of their tax cuts and where to find those reductions.
On paper, the new Senate budget outline allows for $1.5 trillion in tax cuts, a seemingly modest amount. But that figure disguises an additional $3.8 trillion for extending the 2017 tax cuts that Senate Republicans also want to include in the bill, which they argue should not show up as a cost on the federal balance sheet.
The 2017 tax cuts are scheduled to expire at the end of the year, so an extension must be included in their bill, but Republicans have said that they will steer around budget rules and declare the move cost-free. The real size of the tax cut envisioned in the Senate outline is therefore roughly $5.3 trillion over a decade, with $1.5 trillion available for new tax cuts like Mr. Trump’s proposal to not tax tips. That is far larger than the $4.5 trillion that House Republicans have given themselves.
That is just the beginning of the differences between the House and the Senate budget plans. With additional spending on defense and immigration, and minimal spending cuts, the Senate resolution could add roughly $5.7 trillion to the debt over the next 10 years. It calls for a $5 trillion increase in the debt limit, compared with the $4 trillion increase in the House plan. And House Republicans are pursuing deep spending cuts aimed at keeping the cost of their overall package to $2.8 trillion.
Some Republicans in the House have said they could be unwilling to support a Senate resolution that does not call for more fiscal restraint.
“Let’s be truthful about this; let’s worry about our debt,” said Representative Greg Murphy, Republican of North Carolina. “If we’re not going to worry about our debt, I don’t know how that works.”
Maya C. Miller contributed reporting.
